Top-Ranked Countries with the Highest Levels of Air Pollution

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines are exceeded by the air that almost everyone on the planet breathes.

This figure maps the most polluted countries in the world according to IQAir, sorted by annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3) in 2023. The unit μg/m3 refers to micrograms per cubic meter.

What is PM2.5?

PM2.5 refers to particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller in diameter that can reach deep into the lungs and cause health problems.

In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its air quality guidelines on PM2.5. The recommended maximum annual average value for PM2.5 is now 5 μg/m3, lower than the previous target of 10 μg/m3.

PM2.5 pollution is frequently caused by power plant combustion, motor exhaust, fire smoke, dust, and dirt.

How does PM2.5 pollution affect the human body?

According to the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) survey released in 2022, 97.3% of the world’s population has PM2 levels that exceed the WHO guidelines. We found that we were exposed to 5.

This would reduce global life expectancy by her 2.2 years compared to the world meeting WHO guidelines.

Particularly in South Asia, AQLI assumes that residents could lose up to five years of their lives. The region has long been a global air pollution hotspot, home to 37 of the world’s 40 most polluted cities.

Rank	Country	Annual average PM2.5 concentration
1	Bangladesh	79.9
2	Pakistan	73.7
3	India	54.4
4	Tajikistan	49.0
5	Burkina Faso	46.6
6	Iraq	43.8
7	United Arab Emirates	43.0
8	Nepal	42.4
9	Egypt	42.4
10	Democratic Republic of the Congo	40.8
11	Kuwait	39.9
12	Bahrain	39.2
13	Qatar	37.6
14	Indonesia	37.1
15	Rwanda	36.8
16	Zimbabwe	33.3
17	Ghana	33.2
18	Kyrgyzstan	33.1
19	China	32.5
20	Libya	30.4

Interestingly, fine dust particles can travel hundreds of kilometers and often cross national borders.

For example, about 30% of the air pollution in India’s Punjab state comes from neighboring Pakistan. Similarly, India accounts for an estimated 30% of the pollution in Bangladesh’s largest city.