Have you heard of the term “index fund” but don’t know what it is or whether it’s worth adding to your portfolio?
A cost-effective way to track market returns For most investors looking for an easy way out, index funds are definitely worth considering.
However, before incorporating index funds into your investment strategy, it is important to understand the benefits and risks of index funds.
What are index funds?
Index funds are pooled investments designed to reflect the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Over the past few decades, funds have become increasingly popular and outperform actively managed funds in terms of investment value.
Index funds not only track the largest indexes in the United States, but also provide investors with exposure to other assets, including international stocks, bonds, and even commodities.
“Broad-based, low-cost index funds are a great, simple way to build a globally diverse portfolio,” said Chris Urban, a certified financial planner (CFP) and founder of Discovery Wealth Planning in McLean, Virginia.
“You can get all of the exposure you need with just a handful of exchange-traded funds or mutual funds that invest in stocks, bonds, real estate, hard assets like gold or silver, and alternatives,” Urban said.
How do index funds work?
Index funds pool the money of many investors to purchase a basket of securities that reflects the composition of an index.
Let’s take the largest index exchange traded fund (ETF) as an example. Founded in 1993, SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) had assets of $509 billion as of March 18, 2024.
The S&P 500 is weighted by market cap, so the largest stocks in the index are also his ETF’s largest holdings.
| Stock | Weight in SPY ETF |
|---|---|
| Microsoft (MSFT) | 7.2% |
| Apple (AAPL) | 5.8% |
| Nvidia (NVDA) | 5.1% |
Similarly, within an S&P index fund, the smallest S&P 500 businesses have the lowest weightings based on their market capitalization.
| Stock | Weight in SPY ETF |
|---|---|
| VF Corp. (VFC) | 0.01% |
| Fox Class B (FOX) | 0.01% |
| News Corp. Class B (NWS) | 0.01% |
As a company’s market capitalization increases or decreases, its weighting in the S&P 500 or other market capitalization-weighted stock index changes. For many years, the largest stock in the S&P 500 index was Exxon Mobil (XOM), but in recent years it has been supplanted by the fast-growing technology companies that dominated the index.
Benefits of Investing in Index Funds
Index funds have become popular because they offer several unique benefits.
- Low Cost: These funds simply track an index and therefore use a so-called passive investment approach. H. No manager actively selects stocks.
- Ease of Use: For investors who don’t have the time or interest in researching individual stocks, index funds provide an easy way to access broad market exposure.
- Stable Returns: Index funds have a history of providing stable and reliable long-term returns because their diversified holdings minimize the risks associated with individual stocks.
“Overall, index funds provide a straightforward and cost-effective way for investors to gain exposure to the broad market, offering diversification, consistent performance and long-term growth potential,” said Adam Puff, president and founder at Haddonfield Financial Planning in Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Versatility is also an advantage.
“Index funds have grown to the point where you can find one to match almost any investment class or sector you may want to target,” Puff added.
Risks of Investing in Index Funds
Although investing in index funds can reduce the risk of individual stocks, it is important to remember that all investments involve risk.
Cliff Ambrose, founder and financial advisor at Apex Wealth in Danvers, Mass., said, “Economic downturns or sector-specific challenges can affect the performance of the underlying index and, consequently, the fund’s returns,”,” he said.
He also said that because index funds passively track the performance of an index, investors miss out on the potential for large gains that active management can achieve in bull markets.
“Nonetheless, for long-term investors focused on consistent, steady growth, these risks are often deemed acceptable trade-offs,” Ambrose said.
| Benefits | Risks |
|---|---|
| Reduced costs for investors thanks to passive investment strategy | Economic turmoil may reduce the performance of funds that track major indexes |
| Easy access to broad market exposure provides steady and reliable long-term returns | Sector-specific challenges may reduce the performance of funds that track individual market sectors |
| Versatility to make diversified investments in a wide array of market sectors | Potential for underperformance during bull markets versus actively managed funds |
Step-by-Step Guide to Investing in Index Funds
The process of investing in index funds involves a few simple steps.
- Do your homework: Research index funds to determine which ones fit your investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Consider factors such as the underlying index the fund tracks, the fund’s expense ratio, and how the overall portfolio is allocated.
- Open an Account: Now is the time to open an investment account with your broker. This step requires you to fill out some online forms, but it usually only takes a few minutes. If you want to invest in a fund that tracks a popular index such as the S&P 500, you will have no problem finding a broker that provides access.
- Fund your account: Now it’s time to start thinking about how much to invest in index funds. You can typically deposit funds from your bank account into your investment account by wire transfer, but you can also deposit funds into your account by check. Some index funds have minimum investment requirements. Therefore, make sure to deposit enough funds to meet these minimum investment amounts.
- Place an order: Click the Buy button. Use your investment account to buy shares in the index fund of your choice. This can be done through the broker’s online platform by entering the amount you wish to invest in the form of shares or dollars.
- Monitor and Rebalance: The old days of setting up portfolios to ignore are long gone. A best practice for index fund investors is to regularly review the performance of their portfolio and rebalance as needed by buying and selling index fund shares to maintain their pre-set allocations.
Deciding Where to Buy Index Funds
When deciding where to buy index funds, you have two choices.
First you need to choose a broker. Charles Schwab, Fidelity, and Vanguard are among the largest brokers where DIY investors can open an account.
Additionally, companies like Betterment offer fully automated index fund investing via ETFs. These companies, known as robo-advisors, use only index funds that allocate according to factors such as an investor’s time horizon and risk tolerance. Major brokerages also offer robo-advisor options that allow you to invest in index funds and active funds.
The second choice concerns the type of account you use for index funds. Index funds can be held either in a tax-brokered account or in a qualified tax-deferred vehicle such as an individual retirement account (IRA) or his 401(k) plan. The location of these assets depends on your investment goals.
How much do index funds cost?
Index funds, including index ETFs, typically have lower expense ratios than actively managed funds due to lower management and research costs, as well as lower trading fees.
You can compare the expense ratio of an index fund to a large actively managed ETF, such as the JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF (JEPI), which has an expense ratio of 0.35%.
Index funds are considerably cheaper in comparison. For example, popular U.S. index ETFs that track the S&P 500, Nasdaq 100, and Russell 2000 often have expense ratios of 0.2% or less.
| Index ETF | Expense ratio |
|---|---|
| SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) | 0.09% |
| Invesco QQQ ETF (QQQ) | 0.2% |
| iShares Russell 2000 ETF (IWM) | 0.19% |
As a rule of thumb, a lower cost of funds increases the overall return of your portfolio.
Diversify your portfolio with index funds
Because index funds represent a variety of asset classes, they can easily be used to diversify a broad portfolio.
“For instance, an investor looking to balance their portfolio might allocate a portion to an international index fund to complement their domestic holdings,” said Ambrose.
“This diversification can help spread risk and potentially enhance returns by tapping into different regions’ growth opportunities,” he added.
The largest index ETF outside the US is the Vanguard Total International Stock ETF (VXUS), with $65.9 billion in net asset class assets as of February 29, 2024. U.S. investors or their financial advisors often use this fund and similar index funds, such as the iShares MSCI EAFE ETF (EFA), to gain exposure to non-U.S. stocks.
Ambrose added that index funds can also expose investors to particular topics or industries, like technology or healthcare, allowing them to profit from market trends without taking on the risk of picking individual stocks.
For instance, ETFs from State Street, Vanguard, Fidelity, and other well-known providers give investors exposure to each of the 11 S&P sectors, enabling them to gain customized exposure to particular market segments.
| S&P Sectors | State Street SPDR ETFs | Vanguard ETFs | Fidelity MSCI ETFs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Communication Services | Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLC) | Communication Services ETF (VOX) | MSCI Communication Services Index ETF (FCOM) |
| Consumer Discretionary | Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLY) | Consumer Discretionary ETF (VCR) | MSCI Consumer Discretionary Index ETF (FDIS) |
| Consumer Staples | Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLP) | Consumer Staples ETF (VDC) | MSCI Consumer Staples Index ETF (FSTA) |
| Energy | Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLE) | Energy ETF (VDE) | MSCI Energy Index ETF (FENY) |
| Financials | Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLF) | Financials ETF (VFH) | MSCI Financials Index ETF (FNCL) |
| Health Care | Health Care Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLV) | Health Care ETF (VHT) | MSCI Health Care Index ETF (FHLC) |
| Industrials | Industrial Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLI) | Industrials ETF (VIS) | MSCI Industrials Index ETF (FIDU) |
| Materials | Materials Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLB) | Materials ETF (VAW) | MSCI Materials Index ETF (FMAT) |
| Real Estate | Real Estate Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLRE) | Real Estate ETF (VNQ) | MSCI Real Estate Index ETF (FREL) |
| Information Technology | Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLK) | Information Technology ETF (VGT) | MSCI Information Tech Index ETF (FTEC) |
| Utilities | Utilities Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLU) | Utilities ETF (VPU) | MSCI Utilities Index ETF (FUTY) |
Index Fund Strategies for Investors
When it comes to index fund investment strategies, dollar-cost averaging is a common approach. This means that the investment amount is divided over periods of time, such as days, weeks, or months, rather than being invested all at once, great purchase.
“By regularly investing a fixed amount, regardless of market fluctuations, investors can mitigate the impact of volatility over time and benefit from the power of compounding,” Ambrose said.
Another of his strategies is to periodically rebalance the portfolio to maintain the desired asset allocation.
“This involves selling assets that have appreciated significantly and reinvesting the proceeds into underperforming assets, ensuring the portfolio remains aligned with the investor’s risk tolerance and investment objectives,” Ambrose said.
Alternatives to Index Funds
Investors looking for an alternative to investing in index funds can take advantage of a technique called direct indexing. This is a strategy that buys individual stocks at a ratio that corresponds to an index. In other words, investors will be replicating the performance of an index without owning the corresponding index fund itself.
This method offers tax benefits and potentially lower fees compared to investing in index funds. Direct indexing has grown in popularity in recent years as transaction costs have declined.
For example, many brokers now offer commission-free online stock and ETF trading, making it easier than ever to integrate direct index strategies.
Many advisors and asset managers also offer indexing services directly to their clients.